6.3 Earth Science: February 2017

Hello Parents!

Chapter 10 is a very long chapter with a lot of information. I will be giving two tests in order to cover the material, but not overwhelm the children. The first test will be on Wednesday, March 1st. It will cover Chapter 10 Lessons 1-3. The second test will be on Tuesday, March 7th. It will cover Chapter 10 Lessons 4-6. Both Study Guides are below. Your children have a hard copy of the first Study Guide, but will not be given the second one until after they take the test next Wednesday. I don't want to risk confusion. Please let me know if you have any questions!

Blessings,

Beth Stafford

Study Guide – Chapter 10—Water

Lessons 1, 2, and 3

Why is water important?

Answer: Water makes up nearly two-thirds of your body’s mass. That water is necessary to keep your body functioning.

What body processes does water help with?

1-breaking down food

2-grow

3-reproduce

4-get and use materials they need from their environments

What is a habitat?

Answer: A habitat is the place where a living thing lives and obtains all the things it needs to survive.

True or False?

Most of Earth’s surface water – nearly 97 percent – is salt water found in oceans. Only 3 percent is fresh water. TRUE!!!!!

Of the 3 percent of fresh water, how much is frozen in huge masses of ice near the North and South Poles?

Answer: 2/3 is frozen

Which is the largest ocean?

Answer: The Pacific Ocean is the largest, covering an area greater than all the land on Earth.

What is groundwater?

Answer: Groundwater is the water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers.

True or False?

Far more fresh water is located underground than in all of Earth’s rivers and lakes. TRUE!!!!!

What are the four main sources of fresh water on Earth?

Answer: 1) ice, 2) rivers, 3) lakes, and 4) groundwater

What are the major steps of the water cycle?

Answer:

1) Evaporation – is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gaseous state.

2) Transpiration – Water is given off through the leaves as water vapor.

3) Condensation – is the change in state from a gas to a liquid.

4) Precipitation – Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

What is a tributary?

Answer: The streams and smaller rivers that feed into a main river are called tributaries.

True or False?????

Tributaries flow downward toward the main river, pulled by the force of gravity. TRUE!!!

What is a watershed?

Answer: The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a watershed.

True or False?????

Watersheds are sometimes known as drainage basins. TRUE!!!

What is a divide?

Answer: A ridge of land that separates one watershed from another is called a divide.

What is the longest divide in North America?

Answer: The Great Divide (also called the Continental Divide) is the longest divide in North America.

What makes a lake or pond different from a river?

Answer: Unlike streams and rivers, ponds and lakes contain still water.

Where does pond and lake water come from?

Answer: Ponds and lakes form when water collects in hollows and low-lying areas of land.

Name ways that lakes can be formed.

1) Depressions created by ice sheets can form lakes.

2) Movements of Earth’s crust that formed long, deep valleys called rift valleys.

3) Volcanoes can form lakes—lava and mud from the volcano block a river.

4) Lakes can also be formed in the empty craters of volcanoes.

5) People can create a lake by building a dam.

What is a lake that stores water for human use called?

Answer: A lake that stores water for human use is called a reservoir.

Which is usually deeper, a lake or a pond?

Answer: a lake

What can cause lakes to disappear?

Answer: Natural processes and human activities can cause lakes to disappear.

What is eutrophication?

Answer: Eutrophication is the buildup over time of nutrients in freshwater lakes and ponds that leads to an increase in the growth of algae.

What is a water table?

Answer: The water table is the top of the saturated layer.

What are permeable materials?

Answer: Rock and soil that have large and connected pores (sand and gravel) allow water to pass through. These are permeable.

What are impermeable materials?

Answer: Materials that have few or no pores or cracks, or the pores are very small or unconnected, are impermeable (clay and granite) or will NOT allow water to pass through.

Explain what a water zone is.

Answer: Water from precipitation soaks down through permeable rock and soil layers. These layers contain air as well as water, so they are not saturated, or filled, with water. The top layer is thus called the unsaturated zone. At some depth, the water reaches a level where the pores in the ground are saturated with water. This is called the saturated zone. THE TOP OF THE SATURATED ZONE IS THE WATER TABLE!

What is an aquifer?

Answer: An aquifer is any underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that holds water and allows it to flow.

What are three ways people can get water from an aquifer?

1) Springs-Springs are formed as groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rock.

2) Wells-People bring groundwater to the surface for drinking and other everyday use by drilling a well below the water table.

3) Artesian wells-Water rises on its own because of pressure within an aquifer.

Study Guide – Chapter 10

Lessons 4, 5, 6,

What 3 ways does the water in Earth’s oceans vary?

1) Salinity

2) Temperature

3) Depth

What is salinity?

Answer: Salinity is the total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water.

At what temperature does salt water freeze?

Answer: -1.9 degrees Celcius

At what temperature does fresh water freeze?

Answer: 0 degrees Celcius

True or False???

As you descend through the ocean, the water temperature decreases. TRUE!!!!!

What is sonar?

Answer: Sonar (Sound Navigation Ranging) uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object.

What are six major ocean floor features?

1) trench—a long, deep valley on the ocean floor through which old ocean floor sinks back towards the mantle

2) continental slope—the steep edge of the continental shelf

3) continental shelf--a gently sloping, shallow area that extends outward from the edge of each continent

4) abyssal plain—a broad area covered with thick layers of mud and silt—it is usually a smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean

5) mid-ocean ridges—long chains of mountains on the ocean floors

6) seamount--a volcanic mountain rising from the ocean floor that doesn’t reach the surface

True or False???

Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. TRUE!!!!!

What is a wave?

Answer: A wave is the movement of energy through a body of water.

What is the highest part of a wave?

Answer: The crest is the highest part of a wave.

What is a wavelength?

Answer: A wavelength is the horizontal distance between crests.

What is the ‘frequency’ of a wave?

Answer: The number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time.

What is wave height?

Answer: The vertical distance from the crest to the trough is the wave height.

What is the lowest part of a wave called?

Answer: The lowest part of a wave is called a trough.

True or False?????

Near shore, wave height increases and wavelength decreases. TRUE!!!!!

What is a tsunami?

Answer: A tsunami is a type of wave that is usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor.

Why do waves change as they approach shore?

Answer: The waves become shallower. The bottoms of the waves begin to touch the sloping ocean floor. Friction between the ocean floor and the water causes the waves to slow down. As the speed of the waves decreases, their shapes change.

True or False?????

Waves usually roll toward shore at an angle. TRUE!!!!!

What is a longshore drift?

Answer: A longshore drift is the movement of sand along the beach. As the waves slow down, they deposit the sand they are carrying on the shallow, underwater slope, forming a long ridge called a sandbar.

What is a rip current?

Answer: A rip current is a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening in a sandbar.

How do waves shape a beach?

Answer: Waves shape a beach by eroding the shore in some places and building it up in others.

What is a groin?

Answer: A groin is a wall of rocks or concrete used to reduce beach erosion.

What are surface currents driven by?

Answer: Surface currents are mainly driven by wind.

What is the Coriolis Effect?

Answer: The Coriolis Effect is caused by the Earth’s rotation causing an effect on the direction of winds and currents.

How do currents in the Northern Hemisphere move when effected by the Coriolis Effect?

Answer: The currents curve clockwise.

How do currents in the Southern Hemisphere move when effected by the Coriolis Effect?

Answer: The currents curve counterclockwise.

What is the largest and most powerful surface current in the North Atlantic Ocean?

Answer: The Gulf Stream is the largest and most powerful surface current in the North Atlantic Ocean.

What is climate?

Answer: Climate is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time.

What is El Niño?

Answer: El Niño is a climate event that occurs every two to seven years in the Pacific Ocean. It causes shifts in weather patterns due to an unusual pattern of winds forming over the western Pacific.

What is La Niña?

Answer: La Niña is a climate event that occurs when surface waters in the eastern Pacific are colder than normal. It usually brings colder than normal winters and greater precipitation to the Pacific Northwest and north central United States.

True or False?????

Cold water is more dense than warm water. TRUE!!!!!

What causes deep currents?

Answer: Deep currents are caused by differences in the density of ocean water.

True or False?????

Deep currents move and mix water around the world. They carry cold water from the poles toward the equator. TRUE!!!!!